Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism

Abstract. Theoretical source models of underwater explosions are often applied in studying tsunami hazards associated with subaqueous volcanism; however, their use numerical codes based on the shallow water equations can neglect significant dispersion generated wavefield. A non-hydrostatic multilayer method is validated against a laboratory-scale experiment wave generation from instantaneous disturbances and at field-scale Mono Lake, California, utilising relevant theoretical models. The accurately reproduces range observed characteristics for positive suggests relationship extended initial troughs negative low-dispersivity high-non-linearity parameters. Satisfactory amplitudes phase velocities within group found using explosion Lake. scheme then to modelling tsunamis by volcanic Lake Taupō, New Zealand, magnitude representing an ejecta volume 0.1 km3. Waves reach all shores 15 min maximum incident crest around 0.2 m near source. This work shows that used computationally efficient able capture wide characteristics, including dispersive effects, which necessary when investigating explosions. research therefore provides foundation future studies involving rigorous probabilistic hazard assessment quantify risks relative significance this mechanism.